Monday, January 20, 2020
Kerouac and Barthelmes Rebellion Against Corporate America Essay
Jack Kerouac and Donald Barthelme's Rebellion Against Corporate America à à à à Oh America, home of the red, white, blue, and green. Green as our greenest grass. Green as our forefather George on a one-dollar bill. You too can work your way up our market-economy mountain to your own little green house. Climb the corporate mountain to provide for your wife in her little green dress. With the green beneath your feet, reach for the gold in the sky. Oh America, this mountain is rich. As many Americans eagerly began and continued their climb toward the financial stability the Sixties promised, a counterculture of writers and thinkers emerged seeking to climb their own mountains, to tell their own story of the climb the way they understand it. For Jack Kerouac, the story was The Dharma Bums, where a man discovers himself in the mountains' minimalist, Buddha-like grace. Donald Barthelme borrows America's market-economy mountain of materialism and attempts to reclaim it in his prose poem, "The Glass Mountain." Through their respective mountain narratives, K erouac and Barthelme fight a personal fight against the raging currents of corporate America. à Jack Kerouac's mountain in The Dharma Bums comes to represent what Kerouac, or rather the main character Ray Smith, conceives as the ideal standard of living. During Ray's climb of Matterhorn with Japhy Ryder, Ray looks at Japhy with a particularly illuminating realization, à [W]hat does he care if he hasn't got any money: he doesn't need money, all he needs is his rucksack with those little plastic bags of dried food and a good pair of shoes and off he goes to enjoy the privileges of a millionaire in surroundings like this. (Kerouac 77) à Ray then resolves to beg... ...nt stories, Jack Kerouac and Donald Barthelme both participate in a personal rebellion against corporate America through their writing. Today, it is difficult to determine what the influence of their rebellion was on corporate America. We can be certain, however, that their resistance of corporate America brought them to a greater understanding of themselves and their surroundings. Not only do Kerouac and Barthelme provide an illuminating glimpse at the transformation of corporate America in the twelve years between the dates the writings were published, but they also allow us a unique look at America's mountains through their eyes. à Works Cited Barthelme, Donald. "The Glass Mountain." Taking It to the Streets. Ed. Alexander Bloom. Wini Breines. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York: Penguin Putnam Inc., 1976.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
ââ¬ÅIf You Educate a Boy, You Educate an Individual but If You Educate a Girl, You Educate a Nationââ¬Â. Do You Agree?
The quote, ââ¬Å"If you educate a boy, you educate an individual but if you educate a girl, you educate a nationâ⬠originated from an African proverb. It might have originatedà because of the societal roles of men and women, societyââ¬â¢s expectations, and the contribution each gender has made to the community. Both men and women have educated the nation in many different ways, either by contributing to the society, or to their families. Hence, I disagree withà this quote, asà not all men have never educated a nation.In society, men and women are expected to contribute to the society in different ways. The way they contribute to the society, and if it is seen as a contribution is affected by the societal roles and expectations of both genders. In a typical developed country, the societal role and expectationsà of men is to be the breadwinner of the family, while women are expected to take care of the family, stay at home, and do domestic chores. However, the societal expectations of women are starting to change.More women are educated, and more are working, but women who work are expected to be able to balance work, and family. Men are usually seen as successful if they have a stable income and are able to support their families financially. It usually falls into the mother's responsibility to educate the children, which leads to ââ¬Ëif you educate a girl, you educate the whole nation', as educating the children eventually leads to the children growing up and teaching their children, which includes the things that their parents taught them.On the other hand, no matter how busy the father is, there are still some occasions in which the father has disciplined the children, and taught the children, which, again, by teaching the children, leads to a contribution to society. Hence, the quote does not really apply here, as men and women both have contributions to the society; fathers and mothers both educate their children. The National Center for Educational Statistics reported that when fathers are involved in their children's education, the kids were more likely to get As, enjoy school, and participate in extracurricular activities.Also, researchers have found out that children whose fathers are involved in rearing them fare better on cognitive tests and in language ability than those with less responsive or involved fathers. Improved cognitive abilities are usually associated with higher educational achievement. In fact, fathers who are involved in their children's schools and academic achievement, regardless of their own educational level, are increasing the chances their child will graduate from high school, and perhaps go to vocational school, or even to college.On the other hand, researchers have discovered that mothers are more likely to encourage assimilative and communion-enhancing patterns in their children, andà to acknowledge their children's contributions in conversation. Furthermore, the way mothers speak t o their children is better suited to support very young children in their efforts to understand speech (in context of the reference English). Hence, if you educate a boy or girl, you educate the whole nation, as both men and women have different ways of contributing to the society, and educating the nation.The societal roles, societal expectations, and the examples of men and women who have contributed to society that I have mentioned above mainly apply to the people who live in a developed country. For example, countries like the United Kingdom, United States of America, and Singapore. However, it does not necessarily mean that the quote is true for less-developed or developing countries, for example, Africa. The societal role of men and women in Africa is almost the same as the more developed countries ââ¬â the exception: only a few women in Africa are allowed to go to school.However, even though only a few women in Africa are allowed to go to school, it doesnââ¬â¢t necessa rily mean that they are not educated. They could have been educated by their parents, and educated the society by teaching their children. For example, African mothers often pass down folktales to their children ââ¬â these folktales serve to teach their children good moral values, and help them to better understand the world around them, or skills like cooking ââ¬â more often to females. In Africa, fathers are the breadwinner of the family, like in the more developed countries.In Africa, fathers educate the society by educating their children. They teach their children physical skills, like farming, and often tell their children stories about their experiences. Hence, educated men and women both contribute to their society, and educate their nation, irregardless of where they live. There are many men and women who have contributed to the society. Abraham Lincoln successfully led America through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis ââ¬â the American Civi l war ââ¬â by preserving the Union by force while ending slavery and promoting economic modernization.He helped to bring Americaââ¬â¢s economy to new heights. During Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth I's reign in England, there were great achievements in writing and peace in England. Teddy Roosevelt worked to provide workers, consumers, business owners, farmers, and other groups an equal opportunity to succeed, and he enforced workplace inspections, and regulated product labels, among other things. Marie Curie, a famous scientist, won two Nobel prizes, is famous for her work with her husband on radioactivity, and discovered radium and polonium.Her discoveries helped the world learn more about the elements in our universe. Fredrick Douglass escaped from slavery, became the leader of the abolitionist movement, gained note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing, and stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectua l capacity to function as independent American citizens. He helped to show that slaves deserved equal rights too.Maria Montessori, the first woman to graduate from the University of Rome's Medical College, is famous for her work in the education of young children. There are so many men and women in the world who have contributed to the society, be it in educating the people, helping to improve people's lives, or to share new discoveries that could be used in improving the life of people in the world. Unlike the quote, it isn't just women who have contributed to the society, but men have also contributed to the society.Men and women have both contributed to the society, be it in the same or in different ways. It is because of their contributions to society, that they have educated the nation, either by new discoveries, helping people, or by passing their knowledge on. In conclusion, the quote ââ¬Å"If you educate a boy, you educate an individual but if you educate a girl, you educat e a nationâ⬠doesnââ¬â¢t really apply in todayââ¬â¢s context. Women might educate their family more than males do, however males still do educate their families.Furthermore, men and women both contribute to the society through work, helping their society grow economically, and socially, by discovering new information, and using it to help to contribute to the societyââ¬â¢s growth and well-being. There are also many examples of men and women who have played a part in educating the society. With these contributions to society by both educated men and women, both genders have played a part in educating their nation, or nations.
Friday, January 3, 2020
The Theory Of Cognitive Psychology - 892 Words
The theory of Cognitive psychology looks at any individual as the source of processing the information just any computer which perceives the input in the form of information and then processing it with the help of already installed information related to it and then it is given out as an output by following the program. It is still possible to study the mental position of the mind through meditational processes involving attention, perception and memory. These are the stages in processing the information in a human mind. Objects, information, scenarios are always present here in our environment and we respond to them through several actions and reactions of our mind capability. Whenever a person looks at an object through his eyes, he will look at it only when he will pay attention to that object. (Hugenberg, 2010) Whenever we pay attention to any specific object or a person, we start perceiving all the related information about it which is used for perceiving his ability to discern othersââ¬â¢ state for instance emotions and his traits. There has been general tradition that the perception and attention both influence the memory of a person depending upon the current thoughts and past experience related to similar situation seen by the individual. It is not necessary that the ââ¬Ëattentionââ¬â¢ which is common to all will lead to perception of the extracted information in the same way. However, it does not vary too much individual to individual because common sense perceiving ofShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Cognitive Psychology947 Words à |à 4 Pagesunderstand how information is stored and recalled was thought not so widely followed through until the concept of cognitive psychology came along. Cognitive Psychology is broadly known as the study to understand the deep complexity of p rocessing and recalling information which can determine our behaviors and feelings. There are three main focuses which contribute to the study of cognitive psychology. The first is a memory which can be looked at as the storage of information, both immediately and storedRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Psychology928 Words à |à 4 Pagesprocesses, memory and communication. This new direction received the name of cognitive psychology. One of the pioneers, who established this path in psychology science, was Swiss biologist, Jean Piaget. Piagetââ¬â¢s discoveries and principles have made a significant contribution in expansion of cognitive psychology ideas. His research and concepts that were based on kids learning and progressing helped him to form his famous theory of four developmental stages, which later found supporters and critics amongRead MoreCognitive Theories And Theories Of Psychology1526 Words à |à 7 Pagesdeveloped in order to understand certain behavior. The most common approaches in psychology are psychodynamic, behavior, cognitive, humanistic, and biological approaches. The ultimate goal of each method is to help individuals change unhealthy thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. However, these different approaches use different techniques to form assumptions and explanations about abnormality. In this essay, cognitive and psychodynamic are the two approaches that will be discussed. Even though theseRead MoreThe Psychology Of Cognitive Theory1069 Words à |à 5 Pages The history of Cognitive behavior therapy was theorized or developed, by Dr. Aaron T Beck. To clarify, Dr. Beck theorized CBT as a form of psychotherapy, the therapists and the client working together as a team, in efforts of developing a therapeutic solution. Next, the CBT therapeutic model is conclusive to studies aiding in seeking solutions which mirror psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, PTSD, and other personality disorders stillRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Psychology Essay2350 Words à |à 10 Pagesyou are constantly employing cognitive processes in order to function throughout the day. The term for the study of these cognitive processes is cognitive psychology. Rutgers University defines cognitive psychology as ââ¬Å"the scientific study of mind and mental function, including learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision makingâ⬠. One area of these cogn itive processes is called wayfinding. It contains several cognitive processes such as knowing theRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory Of Psychology Essay1764 Words à |à 8 PagesYosef Friedman Professor E Cohen History and System of Psychology (11280 LPSN 332) December 8, 2016 Final Cognitive Behavioral Theory: Cognitive Behavioral Theory can be divided into three parts, or ââ¬Å"wavesâ⬠of development. The first of the three is Behaviorism. In 1913 Watson launched the behavioral school of psychology, publishing an article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. A few years later, in 1920 Watson and Rayner conditioned an orphan known as Little Albert to fear a white rat. In 1936Read MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavioral Theory840 Words à |à 4 PagesCognitive-Behavioral Theory Presenting Concerns Catalina came to counseling seeking help in dealing with traumatic events from her past, which has led her to problems in her marriage, mistrust in others, and high levels of anxiety. She is having a difficult time letting go of the past. Catalina was physically abused by her aunt from the age for 10-14. The only male figure ever present in her life was her auntââ¬â¢s son Roberto, who attempted to sexually abuse her when she was 14 years old. Although herRead MoreClassical Financial Theory : Cognitive Psychology And Economics952 Words à |à 4 Pagesof the stock market. Classical financial theory assumes investors behave with rational expectations in order to maintain an efficient market. Yet as we know, the idiosyncrasies in human behavior vary and financial markets tend to fluctuate up and down as a result. Recently, economics has begun to adopt the insights of behavioral science as a more realistic interpretation of financial markets. Behavioral economics incorporates aspects of cognitive psychology with conventional finance in order to provideRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Psychology1187 Words à |à 5 Pagesof the Cognitive Psychology movement and one of the most influential developmental psychologists of the 20th century. His work on schemas, adaptation, and his development theory are still being used today in most professional settings as a way to understand the development of the child. His work on schemas led to a new understanding of mental illness, paving the way for Cognitive-Behavioral therapies and other therapeutic methods that are based off faulty thinking. Before the Cognitive movementRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology, Humanistic, Social Cognitive And Trait Perspective1235 Words à |à 5 Pagespatterns of thinking1. In psychology, personality is utilized to sum up all the ways of an individualââ¬â¢s thinking, feeling and acting that based on the environment and experience. Various personality theories exist and are categ orized into four major perspectivesââ¬âPsychoanalytic, Humanistic, Social Cognitive and trait perspective. These four major perspectives on personality help to describe the numerous patterns in each individualââ¬â¢s personality. The first major theory in psychology is Psychoanalytic perspective
Thursday, December 26, 2019
Ethical Issues in the Fashion Industry Essay - 2151 Words
Fashion is everything to society and the media. The fashion industry has transformed into a necessity in the life of people. Everyone wants to look good, feel fabulous and feel as if we belong with everyone else. The envy and desire to wear certain things and look a certain way all come, from wearing the latest fashion handbags, accessories, dresses, shoes, and the list goes on. But, when is considering fashion into an individualââ¬â¢s life going too far to the extreme? Many do not consider the whereabouts of fashion materials and how the environment is affected by the mere existence of certain garments. Some may believe these objects grow on trees. But that is clearly not the case. Even though it would be nice. The fashion industry as aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦2005). Exposure to the contamination can lead to future health issues. For instance, the development to brain tumors, brain cancers, kidney cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia as well as reproductive effects such as birth defects, fetal death, and intrauterine growth retardation. This is just one of the many problematic issues pertaining materials used for clothing. Not much people know, but polyester is also very harmful. The raw material itself is used to produce polyester oil. Unfortunately, oil belongs to the non-renewable category. With oil as one of the top resources needed in the world, polyester production is not sustainable. It is also non-biodegradable. In other words, oil is not decomposable. So when these textiles end up in a land-fill, it will remain there for a long period of time. About twelve billion pounds of post consumer textiles waste ends up in land-fills every year and half of them are polyester. In addition to the prominent environmental problems originating from pollution created in the production process, a case has been reported that an inland sea turned into a desert because of a re-routing of water to nearby cotton farmlands. Obvio usly, for our future generations as well as the sustainable development of the fashion industry, we must pay full attention to establishing an ethicalShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues in the Fashion Industry3518 Words à |à 15 PagesEthical Issues in the Fashion Industry Introduction This essay reflects on the lecture titled Creative Economy by Martin Bouette. I found this lecture relevant to my final project. My topic is the changing trends in the apparel industry. How Corporate Social Responsibility affects the supply chain, going local from global, vertical from horizontal. The lecture is relevant in many aspects, for example the knowledge societys changes and ethical issues and responsibility within the apparel industryRead MoreEthical Consumerism Of Fast Fashion1750 Words à |à 7 PagesAbstract Fast fashion has received a great deal of public attention in recent years. However, the phenomenon of ethical consumerism in fast fashion is under-researched. This study explores current barriers to ethical consumerism in fast fashion. There is a body of research that investigate intention and the actual behavior of ethical minded consumers (Carrington et al. 2010; Beard 2008; Brandstà ¤tter et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2013) but not much has been done on ethical consumerism including the drivingRead MoreZara E-Business672 Words à |à 3 PagesExecutive Summary E-business Background Zara, part of Spanish giant Inditex Group, provides clothing products to customers demanding fast fashion that looks like high fashion at lower prices. It has been considered as the most remarkable fast fashion company of the 21st century. In order to understand and analyze the dynamics of the sector and the current state of Zara, Porterââ¬â¢s Five Forces and SWOT analysis will be used. E-Marketing The key elements of Zaraââ¬â¢s e-marketing strategy include socialRead MoreFast Fashion Vs. Slow ( Luxury ) Fashion1291 Words à |à 6 PagesContemporary Design Issues Stage One - Initial Research Essay Fast Fashion vs. Slow (Luxury) Fashion By Alanna Mitchell In 2014, Jean Paul Gaultier retired from his Ready-To-Wear line. In an interview with The Associated Press he said, Too many clothes kills clothes... Fashion has changed.â⬠(1) This change that Gaultier is referring to is known as ââ¬Å"Fast Fashionâ⬠. It is a phenomenon within the fashion industry that ââ¬Å"has made its way into Australian consumersââ¬â¢ wardrobes over the past five yearsâ⬠Read MoreSustainable, Environmentally Friendly And Ethical Products1227 Words à |à 5 Pagesinto a global trend and became an integral part of (fashion) design and production process [1]. It is a stage in the life cycle of fashion garment. Why so? Because it explores approaches such as low impact textiles techniques, zero waste techniques, repair and maintenance techniques, closed-loop design systems, low-impact manufacturing technologies, mono-materiality, design durability, and up cycling. Sustainable fashion, also known as eco fashion, is part of the larger growing trend of creating moreRead MoreThe Fashion Industry And Manufacturing Process842 Words à |à 4 PagesThe fashion industry is certainly not for the faint of heart. It is an industry full of ups and down. And it is one that is quite labor-intensive. Fashionable apparel begins as the aesthetic brainchild of a designer (or team of designers). And as the item(s) gain life, each works its way through the m any facets of the manufacturing process. The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress, Modern Social Theory notes that ââ¬Å"to understand fashion, it is necessary to go beyond the discussion of pure aestheticsRead MoreChild Labor And Sweatshops1465 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe greed of the clothing industry. (Smestad, 2009). Although some clothes are inexpensive on the price tag, the real expense is the people making the clothes. Ethical clothing is the answer to prevent sweatshops, while fast fashion on the other hand not, the customers must be the change to this problem. The clothing supply chain is a complex system. So, how than can a society make sure their purchasing decisions do not contribute to sweatshops? The answer is ethical clothing, which is a greatRead MoreEthics of the Textile Industry1463 Words à |à 6 PagesThe textile industry faces many ethical issues; unfortunately the outworking industry is a growing problem in the fashion world which often goes unheard of. While outworkers are facing poverty, Australian teenage fashion consumers are oblivious to this extreme ethical issue. Young people should be addressing the outworking industry in Australia in an attempt to improve the current and future economical and ethical situations. This essay will investigate the working conditions of outworkers, the amountRead MoreThe Effect of Globalization on Fashion with Special Reference to the Impact of Japanese Designs on the European Scene1527 Words à |à 7 Pagesct Analyse the effect of ââ¬ËGlobalizationââ¬â¢ on fashion with special ref erence to the impact of Japanese designs on the European scene. The definition of globalisation is quite complex and extremely controversial. However globalization with reference to the fashion industry helps defines the development of what has been termed as ââ¬Å¾world fashionââ¬Å¸. Preferred garments of young people is quite often the same. A phenomenon made possible by the exploitative mechanisms of globalization. The globalizationRead MoreThe Effect of Globalization on Fashion with Special Reference to the Impact of Japanese Designs on the European Scene1521 Words à |à 7 Pagesct Analyse the effect of ââ¬ËGlobalizationââ¬â¢ on fashion with special reference to the impact of Japanese designs on the European scene. The definition of globalisation is quite complex and extremely controversial. However globalization with reference to the fashion industry helps defines the development of what has been termed as ââ¬Å¾world fashionââ¬Å¸. Preferred garments of young people is quite often the same. A phenomenon made possible by the exploitative mechanisms of globalization. The globalization of
Wednesday, December 18, 2019
ââ¬ËBehaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of...
This essay has 2462 words ââ¬ËBehaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic oneââ¬â¢ Behaviorism was originally founded by John B. Watson who believed that behavior had the means to be measured, trained and changed (1913) The Behavioural theory is firstly based on experiment and secondly by describing how human behaviour is learnt through principles and rules. Maladaptive behaviour is when an individual is unable to adjust to situations; psychologists use this term to describe patterns of emotional disturbance. Both behavioural and psychoanalytic psychologists use this inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The salivation was now the conditioned response. The dog learnt the association between the food and the bell and the conditioned response was now the learnt behaviour. Pavlov (1927)Watson and Rayner (1920) extends Pavlovââ¬â¢s study as they wanted to see if it applied to humans as well as animals, they done this with their little albert experiment. Albert was a nine month old infant, he was tested on his reactions to various stimuli, he was shown a white rat, and a rabbit, a monkey and various masks, and he showed no fear to any of these stimuli. They noticed that if a hammer was struck against at steel bar behind his head he would be startled and he would burst into tears. The noise was the unconditioned stimuli and Albert crying was the unconditioned response. When Albert was 11 months old the white rat was presented and seconds later the hammer was struck against the steel bar. This was done repeatedly over the next 7 weeks, making Albert burst into tears. The white rat was the neutral stimuli, when paired with the noise it became the conditioned stimuli. When Albert saw the rat he would show fear and cry. Albert learnt the association between the rat and the noise creating a phobia. Watson and Rayner (1920) Systematic desensitisation is a technique associated with classical conditioning; this can be used to remove maladaptive behaviours like anxiety, panic and fear by substituting the unconditioned response for a conditioned one. IfShow MoreRelatedââ¬Å"Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviouristââ¬â¢s Approach to Therapy Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic Oneâ⬠.2459 Words à |à 10 Pagesââ¬Å"Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviouristââ¬â¢s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic oneâ⬠. The term ââ¬Ëtherapyââ¬â¢ has been defined as an activity which ââ¬Ëinvolves the treatment of a disease or disorder, by some remedial, rehabilitating, or curative processââ¬â¢. Historically, there has been considerable development in the range and types of therapy that can beRead MoreChrysalis module four behaviourism stud3023 Words à |à 13 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â¬ËBehaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviouristââ¬â¢s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic oneââ¬â¢ In this essay I will first of all explain the main principles and theories that underpin the behaviourist approach to psychology. I will subsequently outline how behaviourist theory can provide therapists with some insight into both the causes of maladaptive behaviourRead Moreââ¬ËBehaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviouristââ¬â¢s Approach to Therapy Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic.ââ¬â¢2499 Words à |à 10 Pagesââ¬ËBehaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviouristââ¬â¢s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic.ââ¬â¢ Introduction In this essay I intend to compare and contrast the behaviourist perspective with a psychoanalytical approach to therapy, in relation to the above statement and will explore their fundamental principles and differences. Throughout the centuriesRead MoreBehaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourists Approach Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic One.2198 Words à |à 9 Pagesââ¬Å"Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic oneâ⬠. Behaviourism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behaviour and that taking internal mental states such as thoughtsRead MoreChrysalis Module 4 252607 Words à |à 11 Pagesï » ¿Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to psychoanalytic one. The term ââ¬Ëtherapyââ¬â¢ literary means, ââ¬Å"curing, healingâ⬠and is defined as a treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder. Historically, there has been considerable development in the range and types of therapy that can be used to help a client overcome their problems in
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Australian Corporations Legislation Various Mechanisms
Question: Describe about the Australian Corporations Legislation for Various Mechanisms. Answer: There are various mechanisms which play an important role in corporate governance by functioning so as to reduce conflicts within the company. There is separate degree of influence that each of these factors have with respect to a particular company. Directors and officers legal duties is one of the corporate governance mechanisms in which focus is on the conflicts which are there between the shareholders and the managers and/or the directors. The main objective of the Duties of Directors is that they should ensure that the directors and officers are acting in a manner that is honest and with appropriate diligence and care, and that it is within the companys best interest (Sarre Fiedler, 1999). It has been observed that the directors function and role in the company is that of a senior decision maker which is central for ensuring good corporate governance in the company. However, it is not without controversy with respect to the determination of the appropriate roles that the direct ors play and ascertaining the types of directors which might be best suited for the companies needs. The issues that are familiar in this respect are those relating to the debate of corporate social responsibility and also the debate with respect to the structure that would be appropriate for the board of directors. It is general observed that the Directors duties are an essential mechanism for ensuring corporate governance. The conflicts in a company that exist between the directors and shareholders are addressed by these duties by focusing on the possibility of the directors shirking which is addressed by duty of skill, diligence and care and a possibility which is there of the directors lacking any loyalty towards the company which is addressed by the duty of the director to act in a manner that is honest and in the companys best interest (Monem, 2011). There are various range of activities that consist of practices related to corporate governance, many of these are not relevant to the development or existence of legal principles which relate to the obligations of the directors. Moreover there is considerable variation as between the different categories of the companies and also between the companies which is in the same group. It has been observed that even amongst the major companies that are there the development of legal principles are not uniform and that there is no common underlying basis for doing a thing that is right with respect to the companys standard. The main of corporate governance through the mechanism is for ensuring that the profitability is maximized which at the same time ensuring that the company doing what is the right thing to do. The legal principles try to resolve the conflicts which exists between recognizing the rule of business judgment on one hand and that of ensuring that there is exercising of the th is business judgment rule. The difference that is there between them if found, without an surprise, in the fact that the basis of corporate factors are on legal principles that have a foundation that is very wide. It is reflected by the expectation of the relevant corporate community as to manner in which the directors are required to behave. The driving force behind this expectation is partly commercial in nature, and partly moral on one view which is considerations. On the other hand the basis of legal rules are much narrower grounds relatively which are founded mainly on the principles which govern a relationship that is fiduciary in nature. The main objective of these being is to lay down the standards that are the minimum which are for the behavior that is required by the director of various companies. It would hence not be realistic to have an expectation of director correspondence to exist between practices of corporate governance and that of legal principles. Further, on the other hand since there exists a connection that is obvious between them it can be justifiably expected that the corporate practices shall play some role for developing legal principle which relate to the duties of the directors (Sarre, 1995). The charge of the responsibility for ensuring that there is maintenance of goof corporate governance is the board of directors of the company. There are essential performance and policy elements to such responsibilities. The guardian of transparency, accountability and fairness is the board of directors which defend the investors interest and also the shareholders as well. It is required by the directors for fulfilling such responsibility to remain competent, active and informed with respect to the companys supervision (Sarre, 2002). However the role of the directors is much more than simply regulators the ultimately also responsible for ensuring the businesss performance. There have been various revelations that have been made with respect to the HIH and One Tel directors who had been paying to their own selves bonuses that were extremely largely or continuing to receive emoluments that were internationally competitive while at their shame time the value of the share was decreasing or there was a critical position that there case flow had reached (Haines, 2000). There is however little that can be done with respect to memory loss or there cannot be any amount of law or regulations which can lead to the elimination of hedonism. The issue that arises is that of regulatory failure. Rather than giving in too easily to the repeated failure spectre (Haines, 2000) it is essential that the policy makers make such regulatory processes for the directors that are effective and which would in turn ensure that a corporate collapse like OneTel and HIH is less of a possibility, if there is reconceptualizing the process of regulations nature. It has been made clear by the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Australian corporations legislation, 2000) that there is accountability that the directors have under law and the penalties are severe in case there is any event of misconduct or even if there is inadvertence. There is a duty on the directors under the virtue of common law as well as section 180-184 to act in a manner that is honest which is much more than a duty to just not act in a manner that is dishonest, to exercise diligence and care, not to use their positions improperly and not to use the information that they are privy to in a manner that is improper. The directors are moreover required to stay under the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) scrutiny to ensure that they do not engage in any behavior which is in contravention of the law such as prohibiting them to trade while they are insolvent. There are however various changes which are still required to be incorporated with respect to the duties of the directors to ensure that it does not, lead to a corporate collapse (Baxt, 2005). It has been observed that there is existence of a corporation only because there is a law that provides to with a license for operating. Indeed when there was enactment of the laws of limited liability first there was no attempt which had been made for promoting a social ethical responsibility of the directors which is wider. It is necessary by way of amendment to the legislation that there be an expansion to the directors duties under the corporations law for ensuring that even though there primary aim is to ensure an enterprise which is profit making however the same should not be done at the expense of public safety, human rights, environment, the communities in which the operations of the corporations are conducted or its employees dignity (Hinkley, 2000). It is essential for the directors to ensure that the corporations not only make money but also act as good citizen. Conclusively it can be stated that Australia over the last two decades has observed major corporate collapses. It has been observed in the large corporate giants such as Quintex, The Bank of South Australia, Bond Corporations and Pyramid and also more recently the HIH (The failure of HIH Insurance, 2003), OneTel and Ansett collapse . The incompetence or mischief by the directors of these companies has had been one of the contributory factors (Psaros, 2008). Though directors of some of the companies were acting in a manner that was ethical however the fact continues that most of them were acting in an unethical manner. The fact that there has been an increase in number of corporate collapses is distressing. The recent decade has observed too many corporate collapses (Horrigan, 2001). The direct impact of these collapses have been on the lenders, shareholder and the community at large which has suffered time and again due to such corporate collapse. The position of a director is that of both privilege as well as responsibility. The main objective of this paper has been to provide a brief over of the directors duties how they are related to ensuring good corporate governance (Jay, 2001). However, it is to be noted that Directors duties are not the measures that are failsafe and will ensure the prevention of corporate collapses, however if there had been a greater attention which had been paid to such duties there is possibility that it could have been ensured that some of the greater corporate collapses could have been avoided. References Australian corporations legislation. (2000). Chatswood, NSW. Baxt, R. (2005).Duties and responsibilities of directors and officers. Sydney: Australian Institute of Co. Directors. Haines, F. (2000). Towards Understanding Globalisation and Control of Corporate Harm: a Preliminary Criminological Analysis.Current Issues In Criminal Justice, 166, 176. Hinkley, R. (2000). The Profit Motive Can Work With a Moral Motive.The Australian Financial Review. Horrigan, B. (2001). Teaching and Integrating Recent Developments in Corporate Law, Theory and Practice.Australian Journal Of Corporate Law,13(182). Jay, C. (2001).Collapse Incorporated: Tales, Safeguards and Responsibilities of Corporate Australia. Monem, R. (2011). The One.Tel Collapse: Lessons for Corporate Governance.Australian Accounting Review,21(4), 340-351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2011.00151.x Psaros, J. (2008).Australian corporate governance. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education. Sarre, R. (1995). Keeping an Eye on Fraud: Proactive and Reactive Options for Statutory Watchdogs.Adelaide Law Review. Sarre, R. (2002)."Responding to Corporate Collapses: Is There a Role for Corporate Social Responsibility?" [2002] DeakinLawRw 1; (2002) 7(1) Deakin Law Review 1.Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 10 September 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2002/1.html Sarre, R. Fiedler, B. (1999). Investigating and Preventing Fraud Against Australian Businesses: Counting the Costs and Exploring The Strategies.Accounting Forum,23(3), 275-292. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6303.00015 The failure of HIH Insurance. (2003). Canberra.
Monday, December 2, 2019
My Cousin Laura free essay sample
ââ¬Å"I love you so much Kerry, how did I get so lucky to have a cousin like you?â⬠The day my cousin Laura said this to me I was reaffirmed at how much this statement is true, yet in regards to her. Laura is beautiful, carefree, excited, and has a disability. In 1968 a healthy baby girl was born to my Great Aunt Gen and Uncle Larry. Two years later, Laura got very sick and the doctors who treated her made a grave mistake. The doctors told my aunt and uncle that their once healthy and capable little girl would be unable to walk or talk for the rest of her life. In her heart my aunt did not believe this and through much time and difficulty, Laura was able to walk, talk, and do much more. Laura is a miracle and if not for her I would not be the person I am today. We will write a custom essay sample on My Cousin Laura or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Growing up, always knowing Laura and now being even closer to her, has taught me love and appreciation of all people. Learning that no one should be judged, I have opened myself up to people that I might not normally have if not for my extraordinary cousin. Laura has a presence about her that is absolutely contagious. I recently decided that if someone like Laura can be so honest and happy, then I should be able to do the same. My aunt and uncle often say how much they admire me for spending time with Laura and treating her as an equal, but for me this is the time I love and cherish the most. Starting ninth grade at an all girls Catholic high school, I knew that I wanted to be involved in meaningful service. After talking to the dedicated service director at school along with Laura and my family, I decided I would work with PCR (Potomac Community Resources) where Laura is a member. PCR is a private nonprofit organization that is dedicated in working with families and members, who are mentally and physically disabled teens and adults. The first PCR function I participated in is the annual Halloween party my freshman year. Much to my satisfaction Laura would be attending as well. Laura was the light of the party, which came as no surprise. Following her lead, I left any reservations I had at the door and allowed myself to fully interact with the members and I ended up having a terrific time dancing and playing games. Having such a positive experience led me to continue to volunteer with PCR. Sophomore year I transferred and had to adjust to another all girls high school. P CR is not affiliated with my current school but in my junior year I found out that PCR hours are accepted at my current high school and even if they werenââ¬â¢t, I decided that I would still volunteer. PCR offers a variety of classes and programs from which members and their families can select to be a part of. This past year I volunteered with the Tricia Respite Program, which caters to moderately and severely handicapped adults. Getting to know the members by their name and their needs has enabled me to really reach out and work with them. Seeing them finish an art project, complete and obstacle course, or interact well with others brings me joy knowing that I helped them achieve their goal. Service has played a large role in my high school career. With Laura as my motivator and inspiration, I have been able to redirect my thoughts and actions towards others and their needs. I have learned that disability is really a defining word; the adults that I work with are able to do so much all with a little help from a willing volunteer. I love being this willing volunteer; knowing that I have helped people is greater than any material thing in the world. Since working with the members at PCR has brought me such joy, I know that I want to continue working with people with disabilities all throughout my life.
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